功夫武侠中的刀 - Powered by Discuz!NT Archiver

该用户已被删除 - 2009-7-8 15:08:00

以雄浑、豪迈、挥如猛虎的风格而驰名的兵器，在十八般武器中排名第一。清朝诗人郑世元这样描写道：“秋水飞双腕，冰花散满身。柔看绕肢体，纤不动埃尘。闪闪摇银海，团团滚玉轮。声驰惊白帝，光乱失青春。杀气腾幽朔，寒芒泣鬼神。舞余回紫袖，萧飒满苍旻。”
　　据《释名》：“刀，到也。以斩伐其所乃击之也。”殷商时已有铜刀，到了西周，刀的形状有了变化。刃柄无明显分界，柄部略厚，近刃部有圆圈穿孔。相传西周时以“昆吾”的刀最为著名，但用刀盛世还是战国时期骑兵作为独立兵种出现以后。从秦始皇陵中发现了不少骑兵形象的陶俑，但大量使用骑兵还是秦末到西汉初年。伴着骑兵还是秦末到西汉初年。伴着骑兵的发展，刀的形制不仅有了改变，作战作用也重要了。作战时骑马用刀斩劈，可格，可刺，已明显优于剑的直刺。
　　汉代的刀，直脊有刃，刀柄与刀身没有明显的区别，刀柄首端都毫无例外地制成扁圆环形，名为“环柄刀”或“环首刀。”这种刀流传甚广，东自朝鲜、日本，北于匈奴，西抵大月氏，南达安南，都广泛使用。特别是东传日本后，成了日本刀的祖型。东汉末年，适合劈砍的环柄刀在战场上已成了主要武器，到了三国，军队大量装备的短兵就只有刀了。刀的制造也更加精良如诸葛亮让蒲元铸造的刀“称绝当世，故曰神刀”。刀不仅作战，也有了套路对练。如《吴书》载：“酒酣，统乃以刀舞。”南北朝以后，刀一直是重要武器。李白《从军行》的“从军玉门道，逐虏金微山，笛奏梅花曲，刀开明月环”的诗，就反映了当时作战主要用刀。
　　《唐六典·武库条令》中只有刀制，而无剑制。其中有仪刀、鄣刀、横刀、陌刀。唐宋时出现了长柄刀。从宋《武经总要》可以看出刀剑有了进一步改进，从狭长的长条形，改成刀头前锐后斜形，并有护手，去掉了扁圆大环。
　　俗语说：“剑是君子所佩，刀乃侠盗所使”。这多少有些抬剑抑刀。实际上，刀那勇猛狂放的性格还是令许多人所倾到的。商周时期的人，就珍贵地以美玉饰刀，此后文人墨客咏刀之作更进一步表达了人们对刀的喜爱：“谒帝向金殿，随身唯宝刀。”（唐·岑参）“离魂莫惆怅，看取宝刀雄。”（唐·高适）“酒后竞风采，三杯弄宝刀。”（唐·李白）“徒倚三层阁，摩挲七宝刀。”（唐·李商隐）据说，李商隐这里提到的“七宝刀”，出在后汉，是魏文帝曹丕所造。此刀本名“灵宝”，因它纹似灵龟，又俗称七宝刀，能切金断玉，后下落不明。我国古代少数民族和异国宝刀流入中原后，其锋利和精巧更令人赞叹不已。乌孙佩刀、半息宝刀、大食刀、海西国宝刀、日本双刀等都被诗人们一咏三叹，吟哦不已。
　　刀虽然也登得大雅之堂，刀、剑之别未必便是侠盗与君子之别，但在习惯上，尤其在刀剑用在不以战斗为目的的场合时，二者的身份却是有一定差异的。有研究者发现，古龙笔下的侠客们每使刀而较少使剑，并认为这体现了古龙的平民意识。确实，除了著名的小李飞刀外，萧十一郎、傅红雪、丁喜、姜断弦、花错、朱猛等英雄大豪杰用的都是刀。古龙认为：“剑是优雅的，是属于贵族的；刀却是普遍化的，平民化的”，“剑有时候是一种华丽的装饰，有时候是一种身份和地位的象征。在某一种时候，便甚至是权力和威严的象征。刀不是。”确实，在其他诸家武侠小说写手当中，还没有谁像古龙这样如此注重兵器的意义，我们读了古龙作品，也许能够加深对刀的性格的理解。

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