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竹林听禅 - 2009-5-22 17:08:00
韩滉 《五牛图》局部






想到的第一幅关于牛的画当然是1300年前唐代画家韩滉的《五牛图》,这也是目前所见最早作于纸上的绘画。画中五牛,形象各异,姿态迥然,或俯首或昂头,或行或驻,活灵活现,似乎触手可及。中间一牛完全画成表现难度极大的正面,视角独特,显示出画者高超的造型能力和深厚的美术素养。画者以简洁的线条勾勒出牛的骨骼转折,筋肉缠裹,浑然天成;笔法练达流畅,线条富有弹性,力透纸背;刻画精准且不失强烈的艺术表现力。尤其值得称道的是,五牛皆目光炯炯,深邃传神,将牛既温顺又倔强的性格表现得淋漓尽致。画者着重刻画牛的眼睛及眼眶周围的皱纹,还用尖细劲利的笔触细心描绘了五牛眼眶边缘的睫毛,通过细节的刻画,把每头牛独具的个性加以强调,使它们鲜明地显示出各自不同的神情。观者分明能感觉到这五头牛不但有生命、有情感,而且有各自不同的内心世界,这是人格化了的五牛。


    循着中国卷轴画从右到左的习惯展开观赏,五头牛列为一行,似乎缓步行走于田垄之上。右边的第一头牛,把路旁一丛小草咬了一口,正咀嚼得津津有味,它低侧着头得意地瞧着观者,露出一副怡然自得的神态。第二头牛则昂起头向前瞻望,并加快步伐往前赶,似乎是要追上前面的伙伴。第三头牛却端端正正地站在画卷的中央不动,它面向观众,张口“哞哞”地叫,好像在呼唤前后面的同伴,又像是对前面的路途和方向发出疑问。第四头牛正举步踟蹰,回首顾盼,它半伸着舌头舐着下嘴喘息着,犹豫着,眼里露出惊奇的神色。最后的第五头牛,穿上鼻环,带着缨络,神色异常严肃庄重,缓缓地向画外的天地走去。五头牛中每一头既可独立成图,而相互间又能首尾连贯,前呼后应,彼此顾盼,构成一个统一的整体。整幅作品完全以牛为表现对象,无背景衬托,造型准确生动,设色清淡古朴,浓淡渲染有别,画面层次丰富,达到了形神兼备之境界,不愧为中国绘画史上的神品。


    《五牛图》卷一经问世,便成为收藏的热点。按明朝时的著录,《五牛图》卷在北宋时曾收入内府,宋徽宗还曾题词签字,但这些痕迹都因后人的挖割而不复存在了,只有“睿思东阁”、“绍兴”这些南宋宫廷的印记表明它南渡的身世。元灭宋后,大书画家赵孟頫得到了这幅名画,如获巨宝,留下了“神气磊落、希世明笔”的题跋。到了明代,《五牛图》卷又陆续到了大收藏家和鉴赏家项元汴与宋荦的手中。清代乾隆皇帝广召天下珍宝,《五牛图》卷被征召入宫,乾隆皇帝非常喜爱,并多次命大臣在卷后题跋。清朝末年,名画被转到中南海瀛台保存,但却在八国联军入侵北京时被掠走。不久,外国掠夺者又将这件国宝卖与香港汇丰买办吴蘅孙。吴氏收藏一段时间后,由于经营不善,濒临破产,于1958年欲将此件珍宝拍卖,《五牛图》面临流失海外之险。这个消息正好被当时活动在香港的“文物秘密收购小组”得知,并及时报告了周恩来总理,根据周总理指示,经过多方斡旋,最后成功地以60000元港币购回了这件珍宝。至此,这件稀世之珍,辗转流传1300多年,最后又安全地回到了祖国怀抱,被珍藏在故宫博物院的绘画库里。


    名画虽然回归祖国,但经历了颠沛流离,画面上蒙满了尘垢,伤痕累累,更有大小洞蚀数百处。1977年1月28日,《五牛图》卷被送到故宫博物院文物修复厂,由裱画专家孙承枝先生主持修复。经过淋洗脏污,画心洗、揭、刮、补、做局条、裁方、托心等步骤,接着补全了画心破洞处的颜色,再经镶接、覆褙、砑光等,以宣和式撞边装裱成卷。八个月后,验收的专家组给予了高度的评价,认为图卷在补配处全色及接笔不露丝毫痕迹,与原画保持了统一,裱工精良,裱件平整、美观,达到了较高的装裱修复水平。装裱修复完成的《五牛图》卷旧貌换新颜,名画重又焕发生机。
功夫世家 - 2010-3-29 10:27:00
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