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龙傲天 - 2009-6-11 20:07:00
初见彪侠四月天,
气质独特语不凡。
武坛奇才英姿现,
诗词歌赋亦傲然。
挥毫泼墨龙肝胆,
书尽中华五千年。
自古英雄多磨练,
威名永驻天地间。
行者 - 2009-6-12 12:46:00
人称中国之普京,文坛之怪笔,武坛之儒将,彪侠是也:)
account361 - 2011-4-24 15:13:00

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bandage958 - 2011-5-2 11:07:00
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ghrdhdfhd - 2011-5-10 16:44:00
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afflict071 - 2011-5-17 9:24:00

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jingyesi - 2011-5-17 15:41:00
郁闷的下午,好困呀好困,快要瞌睡了,逛逛论坛醒醒神......
belief543 - 2011-5-19 10:01:00

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transmit128 - 2011-5-28 15:12:00

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alyshanghai - 2011-6-1 15:30:00
呵 呵 灰常不错 楼主 继续,GO ON ! ! ! !
baozfenlz - 2011-6-7 16:29:00
桃李春风一杯酒,江湖夜雨十年灯。
firmlyer310 - 2011-6-9 16:06:00

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w82539707 - 2011-6-9 16:13:00
说的 真不错  学习了

















                                                                                                  地漏十大品牌 治脚气的偏方 治脚气的偏方
lzhn518453 - 2011-6-14 16:28:00
锂离子电池原理结构
采用含有锂元素的材料作为电极的电池。它是现代高性能电池的代表。

目录
名词简介锂电池早期的锂电池锂离子电池:炭材料锂电池Li-ion Batteries:摇椅式电池发展历史组成部分原理解构锂系电池概述作用机理工作状态和效率充电充电注意事项放电化学解析概述正极负极电解质溶液主要种类1.锂-二氧化锰电池(Li--MnO₂)2.锂―亚硫酰氯电池(Li--SOCl₂)3.锂离子电池(Li--ion)主要优点1) 电压高2) 比能量大3) 循环寿命长4) 安全性能好5) 自放电小6) 可快速充放电主要缺点衰老回收率不耐受过充不耐受过放需要多重保护机制保护电路排气孔隔膜如何正确使用锂离子电池注意事项锂离子电池的使用保养须知锂离子电池的新发展聚合物锂离子电池动力锂离子电池高性能锂电池 名词简介  锂离子电池是一种充电电池,它主要依靠锂离子在正极和负极之间移动来工作。在充放电过程中,Li+ 在两个电极之间往返嵌入和脱嵌:充电池时,Li+从正极脱嵌,经过电解质嵌入负极,负极处于富锂状态;放电时则相反。   锂离子电池容易与下面两种电池混淆:   (1)锂电池:存在锂单质。   (2)锂离子聚合物电池:用多聚物取代液态有机溶剂。锂电池早期的锂电池  锂离子电池(Li-ion Batteries)是锂电池发展而来。所以在介绍Li-ion之前,先介绍锂电池。举例来讲,以前照相机里用的扣式电池就属于锂电池。锂电池的正极材料是二氧化锰或亚硫酰氯,负极是锂。电池组装完成后电池即有电压,不需充电.这种电池也可以充电,但循环性能不好,在充放电循环过程中,容易形成锂枝晶,造成电池内部短路,所以一般情况下这种电池是禁止充电的。锂离子电池:炭材料锂电池  后来,日本索尼公司发明了以炭材料为负极,以含锂的化合物作正极的锂电池,在充放电过程中,没有金属锂存在,只有锂离子,这就是锂离子电池。当对电池进行充电时,电池的正极上有锂离子生成,生成的锂离子经过电解液运动到负极。而作为负极的碳呈层状结构,它有很多微孔,达到负极的锂离子就嵌入到碳层的微孔中,嵌入的锂离子越多,充电容量越高。同样,当对电池进行放电时(即我们使用电池的过程),嵌在负极碳层中的锂离子脱出, 又运动回正极。回正极的锂离子越多,放电容量越高。Li-ion Batteries:摇椅式电池  我们通常所说的电池容量指的就是放电容量。在Li-ion的充放电过程中,锂离子处于从正极→负极→正极的运动状态。Li-ion Batteries就像一把摇椅,摇椅的两端为电池的两极,而锂离子就象运动员一样在摇椅来回奔跑。所以Li-ion Batteries又叫摇椅式电池。发展历史  1970年代埃克森的M.S.Whittingham采用硫化钛作为正极材料,金属锂作为负极材料,制成首个锂电池。   1982年伊利诺伊理工大学(the Illinois Institute of Technology)的R.R.Agarwal和J.R.Selman发现锂离子具有嵌入石墨的特性,此过程是快速的,并且可逆。与此同时,采用金属锂制成的锂电池,其安全隐患备受关注,因此人们尝试利用锂离子嵌入石墨的特性制作充电电池。首个可用的锂离子石墨电极由贝尔实验室试制成功。   1983年M.Thackeray、J.Goodenough等人发现锰尖晶石是优良的正极材料,具有低价、稳定和优良的导电、导锂性能。其分解温度高,且氧化性远低于钴酸锂,即使出现短路、过充电,也能够避免了燃烧、爆炸的危险。   1989年,A.Manthiram和J.Goodenough发现采用聚合阴离子的正极将产生更高的电压。   1991年索尼公司发布首个商用锂离子电池。随后,锂离子电池革新了消费电子产品的面貌。此类以钴酸锂作为正极材料的电池,至今仍是便携电子器件的主要电源。   1996年Padhi和Goodenough发现具有橄榄石结构的磷酸盐,如磷酸锂铁(LiFePO₄),比传统的正极材料更具安全性,尤其耐高温,耐过充电性能远超过传统锂离子电池材料。因此已成为当前主流的大电流放电的动力锂电池的正极材料。组成部分  钢壳/铝壳/圆柱/软包装系列:   (1)正极――活性物质一般为锰酸锂或者钴酸锂,现在又出现了镍钴锰酸锂材料,电动自行车则用磷酸铁锂,导电集流体使用厚度10--20微米的电解铝箔   (2)隔膜――一种特殊的复合膜,可以让离子通过 哥弟女装(http://www.lifebaby.net),但却是电子的绝缘体   (3)负极――活性物质为石墨,或近似石墨结构的碳,导电集流体使用厚度7-15微米的电解铜箔   (4)有机电解液――溶解有六氟磷酸锂的碳酸酯类溶剂,聚合物的则使用凝胶状电解液   (5)电池外壳――分为钢壳(现在方型很少使用)、铝壳、镀镍铁壳(圆柱电池使用)、铝塑膜(软包装)等,还有电池的盖帽,也是电池的正负极引出端原理解构锂系电池概述  
笔记本电脑锂离子电池
锂系电池分为锂电池和锂离子电池。目前手机和笔记本电脑使用的都是锂离子电池,通常人们俗称其为锂电池,而真正的锂电池由于危险性大,很少应用于日常电子产品。作用机理  锂离子电池以碳素材料为负极,以含锂的化合物作正极,没有金属锂存在,只有锂离子,这就是锂离子电池。锂离子电池是指以锂离子嵌入化合物为正极材料电池的总称。锂离子电池的充放电过程,就是锂离子的嵌入和脱嵌过程。在锂离子的嵌入和脱嵌过程中,同时伴随着与锂离子等当量电子的嵌入和脱嵌(习惯上正极用嵌入或脱嵌表示,而负极用插入或脱插表示)。在充放电过程中,锂离子在正、负极之间往返嵌入/脱嵌和插入/脱插,被形象地称为“摇椅电池”。工作状态和效率  锂离子电池能量密度大,平均输出电压高。自放电小,好的电池,每月在2%以下(可恢复)。没有记忆效应。工作温度范围宽为-20℃~60℃。循环性能优越、可快速充放电、充电效率高达100%,而且输出功率大。使用寿命长。不含有毒有害物质,被称为绿色电池。充电  充电是电池重复使用的重要步骤,锂离子电池的充电过程分为两个阶段:恒流快充阶段和恒压电流递减阶段。恒流快充阶段,电池电压逐步升高到电池的标准电压,随后在控制芯片下转入恒压阶段,电压不再升高以确保不会过充,电流则随着电池电量的上升逐步减弱到设定的值,而最终完成充电。电量统计芯片通过记录放电曲线可以抽样计算出电池的电量。锂离子电池在多次使用后,放电曲线会发生改变,锂离子电池虽然不存在记忆效应,但是充、放电不当会严重影响电池性能。充电注意事项  锂离子电池过度充放电会对正负极造成永久性损坏。过度放电导致负极碳片层结构出现塌陷,而塌陷会造成充电过程中锂离子无法插入;过度充电使过多的锂离子嵌入负极碳结构,而造成其中部分锂离子再也无法释放出来。   充电量等于充电电流乘以充电时间,在充电控制电压一定的情况下,充电电流越大(充电速度越快),充电电量越小。电池充电速度过快和终止电压控制点不当,同样会造成电池容量不足,实际是电池的部分电极活性物质没有得到充分反应就停止充电,这种充电不足的现象随着循环次数的增加而加剧。放电  第一次充放电,如果时间能较长(一般3--4小时足够),那么可以使电极尽可能多的达到最高氧化态(充足电),放电(或使用)时则强制放到规定的电压、或直至自动关机,如此能激活电池使用容量。   但在锂离子电池的平常使用中,不需要如此操作,可以随时根据需要充电,充电时既不必要一定充满电为止,也不需要先放电。象首次充放电那样的操作,只需要每隔3--4个月进行连续的1--2次即可。化学解析概述  和所有化学电池一样,锂离子电池也由三个部分组成:正极、负极和电解质。电极材料都是锂离子可以嵌入(插入)/脱嵌(脱插)的。正极  正极材料:如上文所述,可选的正极材料很多,目前主流产品多采用锂铁磷酸盐。不同的正极材料对照:   正极材料平均输出电压能量密度LiCoO₂3.7 V140 mAh/gLiMn₂O₄3.7 V100 mAh/gLiFePO₄3.2 V130 mAh/gLi2FePO₄F3.6 V115 mAh/g   正极反应:放电时锂离子嵌入,充电时锂离子脱嵌。 充电时:LiFePO₄→ Li1-xFePO₄ + xLi + xe 放电时:Li1-xFePO₄+ xLi + xe → LiFePO₄负极  负极材料:多采用石墨。新的研究发现钛酸盐可能是更好的材料。 负极反应:放电时锂离子脱插,充电时锂离子插入。 充电时:xLi + xe + 6C → LixC6 放电时:LixC6 → xLi + xe + 6C电解质溶液  溶质:常采用锂盐,如高氯酸锂(LiClO4)、六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF₄)。 溶剂:由于电池的工作电压远高于水的分解电压,因此锂离子电池常采用有机溶剂,如乙醚、乙烯碳酸酯、丙烯碳酸酯、二乙基碳酸酯等。有机溶剂常常在充电时破坏石墨的结构,导致其剥脱,并在其表面形成固体电解质膜(solid electrolyte interphase,SEI)导致电极钝化。有机溶剂还带来易燃、易爆等安全性问题。主要种类1.锂-二氧化锰电池(Li--MnO₂)  
锂―二氧化锰电池
锂-二氧化锰电池是一种以锂为阳极(负极)、以二氧化锰为阴极(正极),并采用有机电解液的一次性电池。该电池的主要特点是电池电压高,额定电压为3V(是一般碱性电池的2倍);终止放电电压为2V;比能量大(金属锂的理论克容量为3074mAh);放电电压稳定可靠;有较好的储存性能(储存时间3年以上)、自放电率低(年自放电率≤10%);工作温度范围-20℃~+60℃。   该电池可以做成不同的外形以满足不同要求,它有长方形、圆柱形及纽扣形(扣式)。2.锂―亚硫酰氯电池(Li--SOCl₂)  
锂―亚硫酰氯电池
该类电池的比能量是所有商业化电池中最高的,放电电压特别平稳,一般用于不能经常维护的电子设备、仪器上,应用领域很窄。3.锂离子电池(Li--ion)  可充电锂离子电池是目前手机、笔记本电脑等现代数码产品中应用最广泛的电池,但它较为“娇气”,在使用中不可过充、过放(会损坏电池或使之报废)。因此,在电池上有保护元器件或保护电路以防止昂贵的电池损坏。 锂离子电池充电要求很高,要保证终止电压精度在±1%之内,目前各大半导体器件厂已开发出多种锂离子电池充电的IC,以保证安全、可靠、快速地充电。   现在手机已十分普遍,基本上都是使用锂离子电池。正确地使用锂离子电池对延长电池寿命是十分重要的。它根据不同的电子产品的要求可以做成扁平长方形、圆柱形、长方形及扣式,并且有由几个电池串联并联在一起组成的电池组。 锂离子电池的额定电压,因为近年材料的变化,一般为3.7V,磷酸铁锂(以下称磷铁)正极的则为3.2V。充满电时的终止充电电压一般是4.2V,磷铁3.65V。锂离子电池的终止放电电压为2.75V~3.0V(电池厂给出工作电压范围或给出终止放电电压,各参数略有不同,一般为3.0V,磷铁为2.5V)。低于2.5V(磷铁2.0V)继续放电称为过放,过放对电池会有损害。   
圆柱型锂离子电池
钴酸锂类型材料为正极的锂离子电池不适合用作大电流放电,过大电流放电时会降低放电时间(内部会产生较高的温度而损耗能量),并可能发生危险;但现在研发的磷酸铁锂正极材料锂电池,可以以20C甚至更大(C是电池的容量,如C=800mAh,1C充电率即充电电流为800mA)的大电流进行充放电,特别适合电动车使用。因此电池生产工厂给出最大放电电流,在使用中应小于最大放电电流。 锂离子电池对温度有一定要求,工厂给出了充电温度范围、放电温度范围及保存温度范围,过压充电会造成锂离子电池永久性损坏。锂离子电池充电电流应根据电池生产厂的建议,并要求有限流电路以免发生过流(过热)。一般常用的充电倍率为0.25C~1C。在大电流充电时往往要检测电池温度,以防止过热损坏电池或产生爆炸。   锂离子电池充电分为两个阶段:先恒流充电,到接近终止电压时改为恒压充电。例一种800mAh容量的电池,其终止充电电压为4.2V。电池以800mA(充电率为1C)恒流充电,开始时电池电压以较大的斜率升压,当电池电压接近4.2V时,改成4.2V恒压充电,电流渐降,电压变化不大,到充电电流降为1/10-50C(各厂设定值不一,不影响使用)时,认为接近充满,可以终止充电(有的充电器到1/10C后启动定时器,过一定时间后结束充电)。 锂离子电池在充电或放电过程中若发生过充、过放或过流时,会造成电池的损坏或降低使用寿命。主要优点  
新型锂离子电池
1) 电压高  单体电池的工作电压高达3.7-3.8V(磷酸铁锂的是3.2V),是Ni-Cd、Ni-H电池的3倍2) 比能量大  目前能达到的实际比能量为555Wh/kg左右,即材料能达到150mAh/g以上的比容量(3--4倍于Ni-Cd,2--3倍于Ni-MH),已接近于其理论值的约88%。3) 循环寿命长  一般均可达到500次以上,甚至1000次以上,磷酸铁锂的可以达到2000次以上。对于小电流放电的电器,电池的使用期限,将倍增电器的竞争力。4) 安全性能好  无公害,无记忆效应.作为Li-ion前身的锂电池,因金属锂易形成枝晶发生短路,缩减了其应用领域:Li-ion中不含镉、铅、汞等对环境有污染的元素:部分工艺(如烧结式)的Ni-Cd电池存在的一大弊病为“记忆效应”,严重束缚电池的使用,但Li-ion根本不存在这方面的问题。5) 自放电小  室温下充满电的Li-ion储存1个月后的自放电率为2%左右,大大低于Ni-Cd的25-30%,Ni、MH的30-35%。6) 可快速充放电  1C充电30分钟容量可以达到标称容量的80%以上,现在磷铁电池可以达到10分钟充电到标称容量的90%。   7) 工作温度范围高,工作温度为-25~45°C,随着电解液和正极的改进,期望能扩宽到-40~70°C。主要缺点衰老  与其它充电电池不同,锂离子电池的容量会缓慢衰退,与使用次数无关,而与温度有关。可能的机制是内阻逐渐升高,所以,在工作电流高的电子产品更容易体现。用钛酸锂取代石墨似乎可以延长寿命。 储存温度与容量永久损失速度的关系   充电电量储存温度0℃储存温度25℃储存温度40℃储存温度60℃40%~60%2%/年4%/年15%/年25%/年100%6%/年20%/年35%/年80%/6月回收率  大约有1%的出厂新品因种种原因需要回收。不耐受过充  过充电时,过量嵌入的锂离子会永久固定于晶格中,无法再释放,可导致电池寿命短。不耐受过放  过放电时,电极脱嵌过多锂离子,可导致晶格坍塌,从而缩短寿命。需要多重保护机制  由于错误使用会减少寿命,甚至可能导致爆炸,所以,锂离子电池设计时增加了多种保护机制。保护电路  防止过充、过放、过载、过热。排气孔  因其具有防爆炸功能,电池界业内人士也称为防爆孔或防爆线。原理十分简单,在壳体表面划出一条比壳体表面厚度稍微薄一点的线或孔,当电芯短路时,电池内部短时间内将产生大量气体并迅速增大压强,当压力过载时,因防爆孔薄于壳体其余地方,气体便防爆孔处泄气,从而达到避免电芯整体爆炸的危险。隔膜  隔离电芯正、负极片,以防止卷芯内部正、负极片直接接触造成短路;从微观角度看,隔膜表面为网状结构,通常有PP、PE之分,也有PE、PP复合在一起的。   区分隔膜通常按厚度、宽度进行划分,铝壳锂离子电池使用的隔膜厚度通常为16um、18um、20um等,动力电池使用的隔膜厚度以30um以上为主流。   若按形状区分则有卷状、条状之分。卷状隔膜就是将裁剪好宽度的隔膜卷在一个纸筒上,供客户自行裁剪隔膜单条长度(形状与透明胶相似)。条状隔膜则由供应商按客户提供的长、宽、厚等参数,直接裁剪好成条状的隔膜。卷状隔膜的优点在于通用性强,但需增加人力进行裁剪,条状隔膜优点在于无需人力裁剪即可使用,但是通用性不强。   隔膜在电池内部温度过高时还能融化,以防止电池爆炸。当电池内部温度达到130℃(锂离子电池国家标准gb18287-2000)以上时,隔膜的网状孔将闭合,阻止锂离子通过升高内阻(至2kΩ),以达到阻止电芯内部温度继续升高的作用,从而保护电芯产生爆炸的危险。   排气孔、隔膜一旦激活,电池将永久失效。如何正确使用锂离子电池注意事项  避免在严酷条件下使用,如:高温、高湿度、夏日阳光下长时间暴晒等,避免将电池投入火中;   拆电池时,应确保用电器具处于电源关闭状态;使用温度应保持在-20~50℃之间;   避免将电池长时间“存放”在停止使用的用电器具中;锂离子电池的使用  1、如何为新电池充电,   在使用锂电池中应注意的是,电池放置一段时间后则进入休眠状态,此时容量低于正常值,使用时间亦随之缩短。但锂电池很容易激活,只要经过3―5次正常的充放电循环就可激活电池,恢复正常容量。由于锂电池本身的特性,决定了它几乎没有记忆效应。因此用户手机中的新锂电池在激活过程中,是不需要特别的方法和设备的。   对于锂电池的“激活”问题,众多的说法是:充电时间一定要超过12小时,反复做三次,以便激活电池。这种“前三次充电要充12小时以上”的说法,明显是从镍电池(如镍镉和镍氢)延续下来的说法。所以这种说法,可以说一开始就是误传。锂电池和镍电池的充放电特性有非常大的区别,而且可以非常明确的告诉大家,我所查阅过的所有严肃的正式技术资料都强调过充和过放电会对锂电池、特别是液体锂离子电池造成巨大的伤害。因而充电最好按照标准时间和标准方法充电,特别是不要进行超过12个小时的超长充电(充电器显示充满即可)。   此外,锂电池或充电器在电池充满后都会自动停充,并不存在镍电充电器所谓的持续10几小时的“涓流”充电。也就是说,如果你的锂电池在充满后,放在充电器上也是白充 女装品牌大全(www.bjglkt.com)。而我们谁都无法保证电池的充放电保护电路的特性永不变化和质量的万无一失,所以你的电池将长期处在危险的边缘徘徊。这也是我们反对长充电的另一个理由。   此外,不可忽视的另外一个方面就是锂电池同样也不适合过放电,过放电对锂电池同样也很不利。   2、正常使用中应该何时开始充电   经常可以见到这种说法,因为充放电的次数是有限的,所以应该将手机电池的电尽可能用光再充电,其实锂电池的寿命与这无关。下面可以举例一个关于锂离子电池充放电循环的实验表,关于循环寿命的数据列出如下:   循环寿命 (10%DOD):>1000次   循环寿命 (100%DOD):>200次   其中DOD是放电深度的英文缩写。从表中可见,可充电次数和放电深度有关,10%DOD时的循环寿命要比100%DOD的要长很多。当然如果折合到实际充电的相对总容量:10%*1000=100,100%*200=200,后者的完全充放电还是要比较好一些,但前面网友的那个说法要做一些修正:在正常情况下,你应该有保留地按照电池剩余电量用完再充的原则充电,但假如你的电池在你预计第2天不可能坚持整个白天的时候,就应该及时开始充电,当然你如果愿意背着充电器到办公室又当别论。   电池剩余电量用完再充的原则并不是要你走向极端。和长充电一样流传甚广的一个说法,就是“尽量把电池的电量用完”。这种做法其实只是镍电池上的做法,目的是避免记忆效应发生,不幸的是它也在锂电池上流传之今。曾经有人因为手机电池电量过低的警告出现后,仍然不充电继续使用一直用到自动关机的例子。结果这个例子中的手机在后来的充电及开机中均无反应,不得不送客服检修。这其实就是由于电池因过度放电而导致电压过低,以至于不具备正常的充电和开机条件造成的。   个人建议手机锂离子电池不要充得太满也不要用到没电,电池没用完电就充电,不会对电池造成伤害,充电以2-3小时以内为宜,不一定非要充满。但应该每隔3--4个月左右,对锂电池进行1--2次完全的充满电(正常充电时间)和放完电。   长期不用的锂电池,应该存放在阴凉偏干燥的地方,以半电状态(满电电量的70--80%,假如你的手机满电时显示4格,那么3格即可)最好,满电存放有危险且电池会有损害,无电存放电池会被破坏。每隔3--6个月,检查一次是否要补充电。   锂离子电池按电解液分可以分成液态锂离子电池和聚合物锂离子电池,聚合物锂离子电池的电解液是胶体,不会流动,所以不存在泄漏问题,更加安全。保养须知  充电时不得高于最大充电电压,放电时不得低于最小工作电压。   无论任何时间锂离子电池都必须保持最小工作电压以上, 低电压的过放或自放电反应会导致锂离子活性物质分解破坏,并不一定可以还原。   锂离子电池任何形式的过充都会导致电池性能受到严重破坏,甚至爆炸。锂离子电池在充电过程必需避免对电池产生过充。   不要经常深放电、深充电。不过,每经历约30个充电周期后,电量检测芯片会自动执行一次深放电、深充电,以准确评估电池的状态。   避免高温,轻则缩短寿命,严重者可引发爆炸。如有条件可储存于冰箱。笔记本电脑如果正在使用交流电,请拔除锂离子电池条,以免受到电脑产热的影响。   避免冻结,但多数锂离子电池电解质溶液的冰点在-40℃,不容易冻结。   如果长期不用,请以40%~60%的充电量储存。电量过低时,可能因自放电导致过放。   由于锂离子电池不使用时也会自然衰老,因此,购买时应根据实际需要量选购,不宜过多购入。锂离子电池的新发展聚合物锂离子电池  聚合物锂离子电池是在液态锂离子电池基础上发展起来的,以导电材料为正极,碳材料为负极,电解质采用固态或凝胶态有机导电膜组成,并采用铝塑膜做外包装的最新一代可充锂离子电池。由于性能的更加稳定,因此它也被视为液态锂离子电池的更新换代产品。目前很多企业都在开发这种新型电池。动力锂离子电池  动力锂离子电池[1]:严格来说,动力锂离子电池是指容量在3AH以上的锂离子电池,目前则泛指能够通过放电给设备、器械、模型、车辆等驱动的锂离子电池,由于使用对象的不同,电池的容量可能达不到单位AH的级别。动力锂离子电池分高容量和高功率两种类型。高容量电池可用于电动工具、自行车、滑板车、矿灯、医疗器械等;高功率电池主要用于混合动力汽车及其它需要大电流充放电的场合。根据内部材料的不同,动力锂离子电池相应地分为液态动力锂离子电池和聚合物理离子动力电池两种,统称为动力锂离子电池。高性能锂电池  为了突破传统锂电池的储电瓶颈,研制一种能在很小的储电单元内储存更多电力的全新铁碳储电材料。但是此前这种材料的明显缺点是充电周期不稳定,在电池多次充放电后储电能力明显下降。为此,改用一种新的合成方法。他们用几种原始材料与一种锂盐混合并加热,由此生成了一种带有含碳纳米管的全新纳米结构材料。这种方法在纳米尺度材料上一举创建了储电单元和导电电路。   目前这种稳定的铁碳材料的储电能力已达到现有储电材料的两倍,而且生产工艺简单,成本较低,而其高性能可以保持很长时间。领导这项研究的马克西米利安・菲希特纳博士说,如果研能够充分开发这种新材料的潜力,将来可以使锂离子电池的储电密度提高5倍。 词条图册更多图册 参考资料 1
《锂离子电池产业链市场调研与行业发展预测》  

http://www.boomingfield.com/Html/xxxf/2010-6/2/223508889.html
开放分类: 技术,能源,电池,锂离子,材料 电芯 我来完善 “锂离子电池”相关词条:
 
  教你正确购买和使用避孕套
 
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6gougoodwang - 2011-6-15 14:27:00



        三星 GALAXY SⅡ Function,这款手机在韩国本土市场创下的最短时间销售100万部纪录,并且堪称是三星公司目前最强大智能手机;
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LATEST: Crosby says letters that he's aggravating to punish the NHL aren't "even abutting (to authentic)."
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        一般來說,可以多借鑒並參考一下和自己內容及規模都差不多的網站。對比網站,可以看到我們認為有必要做鏈接的網站都已經出現在自己的交換鏈接名單中,トランシーバーマイク,而且還有一些別人所沒有的,但有是有價值的合作網站,那麼就應該認為是很有成效的工作。不過,新的網站在不斷出現,交換鏈接工作也就沒有結束的時候,你的合作者名單也會越來越長,這是好現象。總之,沒有絕對的數量標準,合作者的質量(訪問量、相關度等)也是評價互換鏈接的重要參數。
2. 不同網站LOGO的風格及下載速度
      交換鏈接有圖片鏈接和文字鏈接兩種主要方式,如果採用圖片鏈接(通常為網站的LOGO),由於各網站的標誌千差萬別,及時規格可以統一(多為88像素*31像素),但是圖片的格式、色彩等與自己網站的風格很難協調,這種影響網站的整體視覺效果。例如,有些圖標是動畫格式,有些是靜態圖片,有些畫面跳動速度很快。將大量的圖片放置在一起,往往給人眼花繚亂的感覺,而且並不是每個網站的LOGO都可以讓訪問者明白它所要表達的意思,這樣不僅不能被鏈接方帶來預期的訪問量,還會對自己的網站產生不良影響。
      另外,首頁放置過多的圖片會影響下載速度,尤其在這些圖片分別來自於不同的網站服務器是。因此,建議不要在網站首頁放過多的圖片鏈接,トランシーバー,具體的數量和網站的佈局有關,5幅一下應該不算太多,但無論什麼情況,10幅以上不同風格的圖片擺在一起,一定會讓瀏覽者的眼睛感覺不舒服。
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