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剑的历史

剑的历史

剑者,百兵之祖。相传创自轩辕之时,有书云:“帝采首山之铜铸剑,以天文古字铭之”。仙乱纪时,仙妖皆以其为利器,各以神通御剑凌空,往来刺击,伤于其下者甚重,因此又名凶兵之首。仙乱纪后,无主之剑散落世间,而世人已不得其凌空刺击之法,遂手持技击,其利亦不可挡。人皆仿其形,随身佩戴,以为兵器,而上古仙剑则逐渐失传,终不可得见。数千载后,寻仙众门兴起,其中有游侠之一支,精通剑击之术,心剑相通,终以剑入道,获御剑之法。该门弟子行走天下,皆身负数剑,倚为法宝,遇有妖者,即飞剑除之。而上古灵剑亦渐为人所知,该门弟子如获灵剑,则御剑威力更增,所向披靡。
  产生在商代,较短,呈柳叶或锐三角形,初为铜制。
  春秋战国,为步战主要兵器,不断加长。湖北江陵望山一号楚墓中出土的越王勾践剑全长有 55.7厘米。 汉武帝时,有超过3尺,剑刃由两度弧曲而伸,成平直,剑锋的夹角由锐加大。 东汉,逐渐退出了战争舞台,为佩带仪仗或习武强身自卫。 汉代后铜剑渐被钢铁剑替代,并趋于定型,即剑身中有脊,两侧有刃,前有剑尖,中有剑首,后有茎,茎端设环处称镡,此外尚有剑鞘、剑穗等附属饰物。 隋唐,佩剑盛行。《隋书·礼仪志》载:“一品,玉器剑,佩山玄玉。二品,金装剑,佩水苍玉。三品及开国子男,五等散(散)品名号侯虽四、五品,并银装剑,佩水苍玉,侍中已下,通直郎已上,陪位则象剑。带直剑者,入宗庙及升殿,若在仗内,皆解剑。一品及散(散)郡公,开国公侯伯,皆双佩。二品、三品及开国子男,五等散(散)品号侯,皆只佩。绶亦如之。” 唐代最盛,被文人墨客视为饰物,抒以凌云壮志或表现尚武英姿。 后剑与道教接上不解之缘,成了道士们手中的法器之一。
  然而战场上剑却也是从唐开始没落的,皆因为剑刺不穿铁甲... 而唐朝却是盔甲大发展的时代,比如明光铠,鱼鳞甲等。所以我国历史上剑从唐时就逐步退出了战场,而剩下的更多的确是装饰功能。
  剑,古之圣品也,至尊至贵,人神咸崇。乃短兵之祖,近搏之器,以道艺精深,遂入玄传奇。实则因其携之轻便,佩之神采,用之迅捷,故历朝王公帝侯,文士侠客,商贾庶民,莫不以持之为荣。剑与艺,自古常纵横沙场,称霸武林,立身立国,行仁仗义,故流传至今,仍为世人喜爱,亦以其光荣历史,深植人心,斯可历传不衰。
  剑创始自轩辕黄帝时代。据黄帝本纪云:「帝采首山之铜铸剑,以天文古字铭之」;又据管子地数篇云:「昔葛天卢之山发而出金,蚩尤受而制之,以为剑铠」。以上两说,似黄帝与蚩尤,均己制剑为兵。
  据以上所述,无论剑之创始人为谁,其出生于黄帝时代,可无置疑。黄帝于民元前四六一五年﹝公元前二七0四年﹞建庙,国号有熊氏,当时尚系初入青铜器时期,但由此推知,剑之出世极为古远,历史悠久,故后人称之「短兵之祖」,确可当之无愧。
  自黄帝至东周,大多以铜铸剑,剑质颇佳,炼制技术亦逐渐进步。春秋战国之时,并定剑制,详言制剑之法。周礼考工记云:「 周官桃氏为剑,腊广二寸有半,两从半之,以其腊广为之。茎圆长倍之。中其茎,役其后,身甚五其茎,重九锵﹝按:周礼六两半为一锵﹞,谓之上制,上土服之。身长四其茎,重七锵,谓之中制,中士服之。身长三其茎,重五锵,下士服之 」。又考古记云:「剑,古器名,两刃而有脊,自背至刃,谓之腊,或谓之锷﹝即剑身﹞。背刃以下,与柄分隔青,谓之首﹝即剑盘﹞,首以下把握之处曰茎﹝即剑柄﹞,茎端旋环曰铎」。
  剑的形制大略有:
  早期短剑流行于西周早期,典型式样有:柳叶形扁茎式,其整体呈柳叶形,沿锷磨成圆锋锐角,腊中央略微隆起,没有剑格,腊和茎没有明显的分界,茎扁而有两穿。
  薄腊无格圆茎剑流行于春秋早中期,典型式样有:薄腊圆茎短体式,其腊如叶状,中脊起棱,至从末端延长成为圆茎,虽茎较为细长,然而整体仍为短剑式;薄腊锐下圆茎式,其腊扁平而薄,锋断,下端斜收呈尖锐状,脊凸起延长成圆茎,但无首亦无格。
  无格斜从扁茎剑流行于春秋晚期,其基本式样为:两从较宽而腊短,中脊呈直线状隆起,两从微斜而凹,下端平,无格,或格不连铸,扁茎有穿。
  厚格剑流行于春秋战国之际,典型式样有:斜宽从狭前锷厚格圆茎有箍式,其背呈直线,斜从而宽,前锷所收略同,格为倒凹字形,但圆茎上有两道箍,便于缠缑。
  薄格剑盛行于战国时期,两从均匀,腊有长有短,剑格薄,圆茎无箍。
  《史记》中曾有记载,“天下之剑韩为众,一曰棠溪,二曰墨阳,三曰合伯,四曰邓师,五曰宛冯,六曰龙泉,七曰太阿,八曰莫邪,九曰干将。”《吴越春秋》记载:”棠溪在西平,水淬刀剑,特锋利,为干将莫邪所从出,亦名川也。”据范文澜《中国通史》记载:“河南西平有冶炉城,有棠溪村,都是韩国著名铸剑处。西平有龙渊水,淬刀剑特坚利。”他告诉笔者,西平棠溪春秋属楚,战国属韩,是当时冶铁铸剑的胜地军工基地,距今已经有二千七百年的历史。先人们在这里开创了中国的铁器文明,辉煌了中国的宝剑文化。
  西平县春秋时属楚,战国时归韩。县西有古柏城,属柏皇氏原封地。周边有九女山、蜘蛛山、跑马岭。山下有棠溪湖、棠溪河,山上有棠溪源。棠溪流域是战国至晋代的重要冶铁基地,是中国迄今发现最早、保护最完整的冶铁遗址区。自秦至唐宪宗元和年间的上千年,历代中央政府均在西平设置铁官,督办兵器制造。元和十二年冬,唐宪宗发兵平定中原叛乱,将棠溪冶铁城夷为平地,自此,棠溪宝剑从历史上消失。
  棠溪冶铁遗址位于西平县酒店乡酒店村南五百米的棠溪湖两岸,南系龙泉河,北接棠溪河。在冶铁遗址南部有冶铁炉。二十世纪五十年代,中国著名历史学家范文澜先生曾两次来西平考察。一九五九年,文物专家张静安前来考察,最早发现了一处保存完好的冶铁炉。冶铁炉为椭圆形,直径零点八米左右,深一米多,冶铁炉壁呈现有焦煳色的烈火烧烤痕迹。这一重要发现,揭开了人们认识古代冶铁铸剑历史新的一页,具有十分重要的意义。
 

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