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棍的武术精神

棍的武术精神

前几日欣赏了一场少林功夫演出,对那些硬气功铁砂掌之类的不甚感冒,独独被气贯霄汉的罗汉棍阵喜得抓耳挠腮。夫棍者,一长条形,可粗可细,可短可长,变化多端,质朴实用,实乃百兵之祖者也。十八般兵刃中,至少七种兵器与棍有或多或少的瓜葛。所以说,用棍来代表中国冷兵器时代的尚武精神,实不为过。

  其实古代对棍在兵器中的认识并不够。古典评话里,说书先生将棍列为冷门兵器。不过但凡遇到用棍子的就是高手。宋太祖武德天子,霹雳大仙下凡,一条杆棒等身齐,打下四百座军州都姓赵;花果山上美猴王,一条定海神针铁,一万三千五百斤,横一抡天地失色,纵一舞乾坤跌宕,正所谓纵横三界无敌手,打得那十万天兵无处逃。据考证,赵匡胤也属猴,估计年轻时也是一愤青,混不吝,一怒起来就天翻地覆的主儿。吴承恩笔下的如意金箍棒被大圣耍得凤舞九天,不知是不是个巧合?

  《杨家将》里,出现过几个用棍子的。但大都是辽人。用的什么熟铜棍、浑铁棍。妇女撑起大宋半边天的时候,出来个杨排风还是个烧火的丫头,功夫再好也不过耍了根烧火棍。《岳家将》里,杨再兴小商河大战,首斩大将便是金人铁棒门传人。《呼家将》里,呼延平神力无比,却选了根扁担当武器,这姑且可以算做棍子的变种。由此可见,棍子是蛮力者的最爱。

  这其实是对棍棒精神的误读。棍的最大特点就是:横可抡、竖可劈、直可刺,具有最多元的可能性和最质朴无华的外表。只是为了增加杀伤力,才将铁器拼将上去。殊不知这一拼,又拼出了“百兵之王”——枪。在冷兵器年代,对枪人结合最早最成功的刻画为西楚霸王。乌骓马,镔铁枪,虞美人,是项羽的防伪标记。进入汉代后,枪也成为军队主要的配备武器。飞将军李广、大将军霍去病都是使枪的行家。不过枪矛本应是在赵子龙这样玉树临风的穿白小将手中施展,却也阴差阳错地落到了莽撞人张飞手中,不能不说是别样的风景。

  随着唐代国力的增强,钢铁铸造技术得到质的飞跃,唐刀及劈砍骑术的风行使得枪棒隐遁于民间。这种局面一直持续到宋代才有所好转。这大概可以归结为对赵匡胤的偶像崇拜。不过宋代国力衰退,无法承担各方面都消耗极大的钢铁铸造业也是不争的事实。《水浒》里最流行的兵器有两样:一样是朴刀,一样是棍棒。大家没事带在身上,用来防贼寇。宋江曰:“那玉麒麟卢员外,枪棒天下无对。”林冲乃八十万禁军枪棒教头,王进史进斗棍,均可见一斑。棍不容易伤人,对好脸面的国人来说点到为止;而且又足够多元,随心所欲也。风清扬老儿说剑是最无拘束的兵器。依我之见,棍才是最无拘无束的。只不过独孤九棍名字难听了。

  有人说了,武侠小说中的主角为何大多用剑呢?殊不知华山之巅,洪七手执绿玉杖,西毒横卧长蛇杖,药师用的箫,说是剑招也可,说是棍也无可厚非。四大高手三个人用棍,却偏要安个名叫“华山论剑”。说到底还是“华山论棍”不合辙压韵又难听之故。再者,双手握棍显得既笨重又傻气,不及单手拿剑那样英姿飒爽。那些扮演主角的风流少侠,又岂能每日提了条棍棒去会战江湖豪客?杨过练玄铁重剑时用的是“横击、逆刺、直刺”等招数,纯靠力道凶猛,与棍术也无两样。不过是因虚做实,掩盖一下事物真相,美化一下少侠们而已。

  与中国武术追求含蓄兼爱的指导思想不同,西方一直是实用主义至上,讲究在战场中一击毙命。所以大都是重剑、阔斧、大锤,唯独与棍子沾点边的是骑士用的马矛。西方人使矛只会刺、拨,一根筋地往前使劲,不知道回护才是生存的根基。随着击剑的兴起,一根筋们才将这本流行于宫廷间的舞戏借鉴到战争中,才使得好莱坞的中世纪战争有了些许艺术的味道。

  说到底,武是中国传统的文化形式。因为表演,有了武术;因为深奥,有了武学;因为竞技,有了武术;因为创业,有了武功。棍是中华武文化中的一支,自然也兼有功利的进取和自然的和谐。武文化的博大精深,岂是一个棍棒便能阐述清楚的?不过插科打诨,作笑谈耳。
 

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