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古泰拳的训练方法

古泰拳的训练方法

古代泰拳师的训练方法,尤具特色,各派师傅授徒,俱以循序渐进方式为原则,无所谓捷经,强图急功近利,不但难有成就,反而有害。一般名师传技,视培养体质及自卫本能为首要,师傅若认为弟子因资质所限,筋骨差劣,屡练无功,技术欠佳,则绝其学习和修炼机会,可见古泰拳师傅,门楣观念甚深,对弟子功夫造诣的要求极严格。
  练功方法,可分为练体魄和练武两大类。锻炼体魄是练拳之基本功夫,古泰拳锻炼体魄的手段纯粹是日常的劳动。有四项日常劳动是必须天天坚持做的。(1)往日;(2)担水;(3)舂米;(4)劈柴。
  (1)望日:古代练功法之首项曰“望日”。关于此术的意义有两种说法。一是指眺望朝阳,一可以锻炼眼睛加强目力。其理论是拳师既能阳光刺激而不眨目或昏眩,在角斗时自能集中眼神,应付敌人。另一说则谓望日为拳师风记,凡习武必须早起练跑,因早晨空气清新,是运动最适当时间。昔之拳术教师命徒练跑,与现在不同,不要求作长跑。
  可能是前人还未明了长跑的益处。练拳者跑步,须择田野崎岖路径,以强化腿部各处筋腱肌肉,并需在草地卧下翻覆滚转,让身体皮肤与草木砂石磨擦,与露水接触,久而使皮肤强韧,可抵御打击。同时练者可习惯卧地活动,在临阵跌倒时能应战。
  (2)担水:前人运水的方法有多种,其中以竹匣装盛最普通。另有一种传统方法,是用竹竿,竹节长而皮薄,制成竹简,长1.5~3米,贯通中间竹壁,即形成柱体形盛水器。练武人运水,以肩担或用臂挟于腰间方式,徒步运送。由于行程长远,以此法练功不但可以增强肩膊膂力,更因腰肋长期用头劲低压重物,久而坚强异常,在打擂时对抗敌人攻踢,裨益极大。
  (3)舂米:此练功方法,可壮腕力及强化整个上体肌肉。舂杵是坚木造成,重约6磅,长1~1.5米,头尾粗而中间一段较细,谓之颈,便利手执,其健身功效与哑铃或槌棒无异。舂碓又名舀,形如石盆。
  动作时须精力集中,杵须击向桩碓中央,熟练后可在杵下击时松手,俟其反弹时复握之。如是一放一收活动,可养成节奏,双手更可轮流练习,手部握力久而增强。
  还可同时有二三至四人齐练,使杵时须合节奏,此起彼落,相辍不绝。手力不足,错失节拍,则桩杵互撞,劳而无功。
  (4)劈柴:古人以木生火,入山伐木取薪为常事。长柄斧是伐木的主要工具,伐断后运回居处,这项劳动对于手掌、肩膀、背脊肌肉的发达特别有助,拳师常练之,功效尤佳。
  门徒正式习拳术,先学握拳及站桩,后习各式基本拳法,随即要练习各种武功,其中最重要的有六项:即布功,打柠檬、粉试、早浴、踢香蕉树、拖桥。
  (5)布功:古代基本练习法门之一,目的在巩固拳桩,能在进退时常保持戒备姿势,无懈可击。
  其方法是将浴布(泰族男女各惯用的)褶成条状,披于颈上,布尾缠裹拳头,双手握紧,左手高擎于眉心前方,约24~36厘米,另一手侧提于颔侧,两肘悬空,距肋部12~16厘米,是以为“式”,实同拳桩无别。行动时向前迈步,或左或右,式须不变,即进左足时左拳为锋,右进时右拳为锋。
  此功练好,拳师在角斗时自然无时不以拳桩向敌,以肩臂掩护身体,拳头因惯受浴布牵引,坚定不堕。
  练习重头是双拳随身体移动而变位,动作要娴熟,轻巧活络,浴布同时沿颈拽动,故须小心勿为擦伤,使成为一种习惯动作和姿势。
  浴布功练好后,即改用两巾,各裹一拳头,形同圆枕,布尾捏于手心,不见手指,如此两人持枕对练,熟习拳路及挡架功夫。
  练习时不以全力出击,以轻灵为法,挡格拳多用前臂招架,配合摇身闪避。熟悉后,裹拳方式改为露指,与缠麻拳头相近,同样对战,并加强力度,手法运用亦增,故须加倍谨慎防守,久习后防守自然严密,倘失慎则难免有损伤。
  (6)打柠檬:打柠檬是专门提高准确性及灵敏性的锻炼方法。
  其方法是在悬空的竹竿上,以线吊柠檬击之,以柠檬被击至下沉为准,以增拳功。
  (7)踢香蕉树:昔日泰拳师练腿,香蕉树是重要工具,而踢香蕉树是主要练功之法门。
  其方法为取1.5米左右的香蕉树干,直径18~20厘米,立于平地上,发腿踢之,左右连环,不能踢倒香蕉树,而利用腿击之力把持树干平衡,故双腿必须不停地快踢,又可练高低踢法。熟练后进而用两米长茎,照样行动。
  (8)拖桥:练腿的另一种方法,是拳师加强单腿立平衡力的妙法,泰拳术以腿击为主要招数,用腿根基不稳定不行,故有此法之练习。
  行动方式,为两人对立,一人牵拉练者一腿,快速进退,或旋转托拽,对方被拖动时,须以独腿站立,应变消解不被拖倒。同时,手部戒备姿势须紧守不懈。
  练就后,拳师单足立地时,架势平稳,且心理上布至仓惶,被人乘虚而入。
  前代拳师练步,依循罗盘八个方向作进退练习,名谓八方运足法。
  上面只是概括地介绍了古代泰拳地一般情况,由此可以了解古泰拳高手们对于体育科学虽不甚明了,但在武术修练方面,都能充分利用天然资源,作为练习工具,并且取得辉煌成果。古泰拳师的这些练功方法,有仍值得现代泰拳师及搏击高手们仿效和学习。
 
 


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