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武林传奇人物——杨露禅

武林传奇人物——杨露禅

杨露禅(1799—1872年),名福魁。河北广府(今永年县)人。在陈氏师徒练拳时,在一旁观看,久而久之,竟有所得。后被陈发现,见其是可造之才,不但没有怪罪他,反而大胆摒弃门户之见和江湖禁忌,和陈德瑚商量,准其在业余时间正式学习太极拳。   这样,杨露禅才得以正式拜陈长兴为师。这便是民间传说中《杨露禅陈沟偷拳》的真貌。经小说家的艺术加工,如民国初年有人所编的传奇小说《金蝉盗技》等,也由此衍化而来。宫白羽武侠小说《偷拳》和由此书改编的电影《神丐》,就是根据上述杨露禅学艺 故事创作的。   杨露禅正式拜师后。十八年中三下陈家沟,深得陈式太极拳精髓。艺成时,他已是四十岁左右的人了。为了生活,他先在家乡永年教授太极拳,后被人推荐去北京授徒。因武艺高强,号称“杨无敌”。他在北京授拳时,因弟子多为王公大臣, 贝勒贵族,生活奢侈而体弱多病,又不耐艰苦。杨露禅考虑到这些人的身体素质和保健需要,将陈式老架太极拳中的一些高难度动作,如跳跃、跌叉、震脚等,改作不跳、不跌、不速、不震,或缩小动作,使姿势较为简单,动作柔和易练,既适合穿长衫、留辫子的人练习,又有益于健身。时间长了,便形成了一种拳式,号称“太极小架子”。后经其子、孙修改,定型而成杨式太极拳,并发展成大小两种套路。其特点是:姿势舒展大方,速度缓匀,刚柔内含,轻沉兼有。此拳一出,在京、津一带影响很大,学者日众,而这时陈家的太极拳却仍在陈姓内部传递,所以当时的武术传人杨季子写的诗中,有“谁料豫北陈家拳,却赖冀南杨家传” 的句子。杨露禅后来,杨露禅的次子杨班侯(1837--1892年)传杨式小架太极拳于满族人全佑(1834—1902年),全佑之子鉴泉后从汉姓吴,他将父亲传授的杨式太极拳修改定型,自成一家。此拳的特点是:重神静,长柔化,马弓步时呈川字形和身稍前倾,而又要求斜中寓直。推后时,宁静而不忘动,架式大小适中,动作紧凑 柔和,神志舒静。在社会上流传后,被世人称为“吴式太极拳”。
杨禄禅进端王府教拳始末
  太极拳名家杨禄禅(1799—1872),河北永年县人,原名福魁,字禄禅。他到河南温县陈家沟从师陈长兴学拳,学成后回永年县,寓居太和堂药店,以授拳为生。杨禄禅在家乡与人比武伤人,为躲避官司而一人潜逃到北京。当时北京东安市场北面有一家“天义顺”酱菜园,掌柜的人称张四胖子,此酱园腌制的酱菜不向外出售,专供王府用,因而张与王府过从甚密,有钱有势,又称小府酱菜张。张四胖子家住海淀,每隔数日来酱园一次,那些日子他正要为其两个儿子寻找教书先生,曾托嘱酱园门前的粥摊掌柜丁紫兰留心,如有合适的给找一个。   一天,杨禄禅来到东安市场,没钱下饭馆,就到丁紫兰的粥摊喝粥,他边吃边问丁紫兰有没有什么事可让他做,工钱不计多少。丁紫兰问他会些什么,杨禄禅说自己认识字,可以教书。丁紫兰一听便想到张四胖子所托之事,于是将杨禄禅作为教书先生推荐给张四胖子。从此杨禄禅即住北京海淀张四胖子家里,每天教两个孩子念书,别无他事,因为是逃避官司而来,练武之事不敢露头。   张四胖子家大业大,家中还雇有二十几名看家护院的家丁,每日打拳练武,平时因门户之见,家丁们和一些绿林好汉早就有些矛盾。   杨禄禅在张家教书半年有余,一天晚上他正在书房后面角门小屋里休息,忽然听见后花园内有动静,像是有人用刀枪器械在动手。他随手拿着三尺长的烟袋,向后花园走去,只见有人在格斗,有人被打倒在地,有的还被捆上了。杨禄禅近前一看,倒地被捆上的都是家丁。有个家丁见杨禄禅走过来,还大声喊叫:“杨先生,可别过来,别让他们把你打了。”杨禄禅哪听这些,过去用烟袋锅一拨,就把一绿林好汉的刀给下了,再一点又撂倒一个,三下五除二,几下子就把绿林好汉都打倒了。又用捆家丁的绳子把他们一个个都给捆上了。杨禄禅问他们愿意官了还是私了,官了是交官府处理,私了是有仇宜解不宜结,以后不再闹事。这些绿林好汉当然愿意私了,于是个个求饶,结果把他们都放了,杨禄禅才又回到小屋休息。   事情过后,家丁们实在感到难堪:吃粮听差,职责是看家护院,却让人家给捆了,还是靠教书先生给解的围。第二天,家丁们都来向张四胖子辞行。张四胖子也没想到教书的杨先生还会武术,就对家丁们说:“你们也别走了,就让杨先生来教你们吧。”从此杨禄禅除了教书以外还教起了武术。就这样过了两年多,杨禄禅给永年县老家去了信,告知他在北京的情况。杨露禅一天,门房传话,说老家来人了要找杨先生。杨禄禅心里也不知是谁,随即走出迎接。当时张家大门口马路对面有一座大影壁,上有“迎祥”两个大字。杨禄禅出门一看,来的人并不认识,是个30多岁的年轻人。他过来就请安,要施大礼,右腿向下一跪,右拳直冲杨禄禅的小腹而来。原来此人是杨禄禅在永年县那次打伤之人的家属,来京找他报仇的。要请安施礼是假,借机进招攻击杨禄禅的下三路冲拳进裆是真。刹那间,只听嘭的一声,杨禄禅用海底针把那年轻人打到大影壁上,身子直贴在“迎”字上。而后年轻人摔倒在地,爬起来叫道“大叔,咱们3年以后见”就跑了。   杨禄禅回到屋内,想到不定何时还会有人来找麻烦,心中烦闷。于是找张四胖子,对他讲了在永年县伤人之事,自认为总得防一下,不如离开此地为好。   张四胖子感到很惋惜,想到两个儿子才学两年多,如果学成了该多好。于是对杨禄禅说,如果能到四爷那里就行了,我去活动一下,找大管家王兰亭说说,或许能行。   咸丰年间,端王称四爷,肃王称六爷。杨禄禅若能到端王面前教拳,问题就解决了,绝无后患。端王府的总管王兰亭特别喜爱武术。经张四胖子推荐,王总管又从中说合,杨禄禅真的被四爷看中了,便到端王府教拳。总管王兰亭精明能干,个子高大,身强力壮。杨在教端王练拳时,王兰亭就在一旁跟着学,而且杨禄禅每次都用王兰亭试手,挨打的是王兰亭,但他也就因挨打而慢慢地领会了太极拳法的精华。   在端王的安排下,杨禄禅开始充任旗营武术教官。所教之拳术,在当时不叫太极拳,而叫作“绵拳”,只教旗人不教汉人,旗营中也是只教近八旗,不教外八旗。那时的旗营分为东八营和西八营,东八营是善扑营,练摔跤,西八营多是提笼架鸟的,体质较差,练绵拳。当时有很多王公子弟也来学拳,然而大多数人怕苦而学艺不精,仅有时贝勒之子时绍南和武状元出身的将军岳柱臣得太极真谛,并且正式拜师杨禄禅。旗营下级军官中有三人得太极真传,此三人即凌山、万春、全佑,三人各得所长,凌山善发劲,万春善刚劲,全佑则善柔化。因碍于旧的等级观念,三人不能与贝勒子、将军等人称兄道弟,故杨禄禅令此三人拜其子班侯为师。后来,时绍南因出天花丧命,岳柱臣在中俄边境战争中阵亡。杨禄禅再无心教拳,遂辞去武术教官之职,离开了旗营。   杨禄禅与其子班侯、建侯,其孙澄甫三代人在北京教拳,对传播太极拳功劳极大。   吾师王培生先生早年与文中所说的天义顺酱菜园老板海淀张四胖子的后人有交。亲听其讲述杨禄禅初来北京,先在张家落脚避难,而后被推荐到端王府教拳等情况。   这段太极拳史上的轶事,王培生先生多次向我们讲述过。太极泰斗吴图南先生在《太极拳之研究》一书中也有详细的描述,与王培生先生所讲大同小异,只在个别细节上略有出入。太极宗师--杨露禅(图)1924年,吴图南先生曾任教于北京西山万安小学,因而有幸结识了原天义顺御酱园张凤歧(即张四胖子)的后人张伯允。吴听张讲杨禄禅初来北京即落脚张家教拳之事。吴又从张先生那里得到许多杨禄禅在张家教拳的资料,其中最珍贵的是《张氏随笔》(乃天义顺酱园老板与把式侯德山一同跟杨禄禅学拳的笔记)。由此可见,这段轶事具有极高的历史真实性。
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