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您问我答:为什么中国传统散手和现代散打有着很大的区别?

您问我答:为什么中国传统散手和现代散打有着很大的区别?

答:1.散手——传统武术的练功手段、练功阶段

  在古代文献中,“散手”已表示两人徒手对搏分开的状态。明清时期,传统武术成熟后,“散手”的这一基本意蕴被传统武术吸收而成为练功手段和练功的一个阶段。

  (1)散手——传统武术的一个练功手段

  “打练合一”的传统武术为达到防身、修身、健身的目的,有一整套完整的修炼程序。这一程序有不同的表达方式,如大成拳概括为“七妙法门”,太极拳概括为“着熟——懂劲——神明”,形意拳概括为“炼精化——炼化神——炼神还虚”等。

  传统武术的这套修炼程序主要通过功法、套路和散手来完成。其中功法主要用来调养身体、锻炼专项素质;套路则以技击动作为主要素材构成,既能表演,又能记忆、演练基本的攻防技术;散手则是把本门套路中的动作拆成单式,在师徒以及师兄弟之间进行“拆招”、“喂招”乃至直接的两人对抗,以锻炼习武者的自卫能力。传统武术各门派中大都有散手阶段的练习,如太极散手、八卦散手、形意散手、螳螂散手等。

  (2)散手——陈式太极拳的一个练功阶段

  散手除是传统武术的一个练功手段外,还是陈式太极拳的一个练功阶段。对此,陈式太极拳的七言十句《总论拳手内劲刚柔歌》中有清晰的描绘:

  纯阴无阳是软手,纯阳无阴是硬手。

  一阴九阳根头棍,二阴八阳是散手。

  三阴七阳犹觉硬,四阴六阳类好手。

  惟有五阴并五阳,阴阳无偏称妙手。

  妙手一着一太极,空空迹化归乌有。

  “软手”、“硬手”、“散手”、“好手”、“妙手”是陈式太极拳的不同练功阶段。很显然,陈式太极拳所追求的是刚柔相济、阴阳并重的“妙手”阶段,而“散手”阶段阳多阴少,只是一个初级阶段、过渡阶段。

  2.散打——散手体育化的一个运动项目

  近现代,随着西方体育思想被逐步的认可,武术也逐步加快了体育化的步伐,并最终形成了竞技武术套路、竞技武术散打以及武术功法等竞技武术样式。

  葛兆光先生认为,“面对新的世界和新的知识的冲击,人们总是要反身寻找理解和解释的资源”,在这个过程中,外来的知识和思想发生了变化,“旧的知识、思想和信仰在新资源的参与中,开始生动而强烈地表现着一种新取向和新姿态”。武术散打就是武术散手“面对新的世界和新的知识的冲击”而表现出的“一种新取向和新姿态”。

  在武术对抗实验的初级阶段,面对西方体育思想的冲击,武术界开始“反身寻找理解和解释的资源”,从而采用了传统武术的术语——散手。党的十一届三中全会后,国家体委成立了武术散手调研组,写出了《关于开展武术散手运动的报告》,1982年国家体委颁布了《武术散手竞赛规则》,1989年国家体委办公厅发出了《关于加强武术散手比赛管理的通知》,1990年人民体育出版社出版了《中国散手》。

  经过近二十年的发展,“武术散手”日趋完善,已经成长为一项较为成熟的体育项目。在这种情况下,再用具有传统意味的“散手”来称之已不合时宜。为此1999年“散手”更名为“散打”。此后,全国散手锦标赛被更名为全国散打锦标赛,同时运动员所穿戴的护具由原来散手的“全护式”改为散打的“点护式”。2000年3月25日,随着“中国武术散打职业联赛暨首届中国武术散打王争霸赛”的开赛,散打运动日益深得人心,得到人们的普遍认同。
 

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